Archive for Mei 2015
Present Perfect Tense
Suatu bentuk kalimat yang menyatakan suatu perbuatan yang telah dikerjakan di waktu lampau
dan masih ada hubungannya dengan masa sekarang. Bisa saja untuk menunjukan kejadian yang
baru saja terjadi atau belum lama terjadi.
Rumus Present Perfect Tense :
positif
S + have/has + V3 + O
negatif
S + have/has + (not) + V3 + O
Contoh kalimat Present Perfact Tense :
1. They have met me.
Mereka telah menemui aku.
2. Have you weritten this note?
Apakah kamu sudah menulis catatan ini?
3. I have not read your letter.
Saya belum membaca suratmu.
Simple Past Tense
Suatu kalimat yang menyatakan suatu perbuatan yang terjadi dimasa lampau dan tidak ada
hubungannya sama sekali dengan masa sekarang.
Rumus Simple Past Tense :
positif
S + V2 + O atau
S + was/were + ....
negatif
S + did not + Infinitif + O atau
S + was/were + not
Contoh kalimat Simple Past Tense :
1. I was here last night.
Saya berada disini tadi malam.
2. I did not go to school yesterday.
Aku tidak pergi ke sekolah kemarin.
3. Did he eat my bread last night?
Apakan dia telah memakan roti ku tadi malam?
Perbedaan Present Perfact Tense dengan Simple Past Tense
An adjective clause is also called a relative clause or an adjectival clause. A clause is a group
of words that have a subject and predicate. There are two kinds of clauses: independent and
dependent. Independent clauses are sentences because they express a complete thought.
Examples are: “The dog ran away.” and “Get the door.” In the second one, the subject is
implied.To explain the function of an adjective clause, we will look at dependent clauses.
Dependent Clauses
Dependent clauses have the subject and predicate but can not stand alone. They depend on
another clause to have meaning. Examples are: “When you finish your work” and "unless I get
more money.” With each of these, you want to ask “What?” because the thought was not
finished. Dependent clauses are also called subordinate clauses and they start witha subordinate
conjunction. This is the word that links the dependent clause to the rest of the sentence.
conjunction. This is the word that links the dependent clause to the rest of the sentence.
Examples of subordinate conjunctions are: how, where, when, why, unless, although, after,
as far as, as if, because, before, once, whether, while, now that, until, since, and unless.
The three types of dependent clauses are:
· Adverbial (or adverb) - Adverbial clauses function as an adverb and answer the questions:
when, where, why, how, and how much. Examples include: “Now that it rained a lot,
the grass turned green.” and “I am much olderthan my brother.”
the grass turned green.” and “I am much olderthan my brother.”
· Nominal - Nominal clauses function as a noun and can be the subject, an object, an appositive,
or a complement. Sometimes nominal clauses start with an interrogative like: who, what, when,
where, how, who, which, or why. Examples of nominal clauses are: “They always fought overwho
should pay the bill” and “Whoever did thisis in big trouble.”
· Adjectival (or adjective)
What Is an Adjective Clause
Adjectives clauses have a subject and a verb (or predicate). They will start with a relative pronoun,
like: that, who, whom, whose, or which, or a relative adverb, like why, where, or when. Adjective clauses
function as an adjective and modify nouns and pronouns. They are also called relative clauses.
Just as the other dependent clauses, the adjective clause does not express a complete thought.
It does not need commas separating it from the rest of the sentence if it has essential information
in it; that is if you need the information it provides. If it gives additional information, then you use
commas. A good way to test for this is to leave out the clause, read the sentence, and see if
the meaning of the two sentences is different.
Here are some examples of adjective clauses. The adjective clause is underlined.
· Chocolate, which many of us adore, is fattening.
· People who are smart follow the rules.
· I can remember the time when there were no computers.
· Charlie has a friend whose daughter lives in China.
· Wine that is produced in Tuscany is not cheap.
Since adjective clauses act like adjectives, you may want more information about adjectives.
Some adjectives express the writer’s opinion of a noun or pronoun, like silly, lovely, awful, and outrageous.
These are called opinion adjectives.
Some adjectives are descriptive, telling about the physical characteristics of size, shape, color, or age.
Examples include: huge, wee, rectangular, oval, bluish, purple, new, and ancient.
An origin adjective tells where an object originated or where is came from. These are adjectives like:
eastern, lunar, Egyptian, or German.
The composition of a noun or pronoun will be described by a material adjective.
Examples are: woolen, plastic, metal, or silk.
Some adjectives tell what purpose an object is used for. These many times end with an “ing.” Some
examples include: baking, fishing, testing, or hunting.
Lastly, some adjectives compare and have levels of comparison. These are words like: “good, better, best”,
“dry, drier, driest”, and “beautiful, more beautiful, and most beautiful." Other adjectives compare but only
on one level, like: unique, main, impossible, final, and inevitable.
Source :
Adjective Clause
The Simple Past Tense, often just called the Past Tense, is easy to use in English.
If you already know how to use the Present Tense, then the Past Tense will be easy.
In general, the Past Tense is used to talk about something that started and finished
at a definite time in the past.
How to form the Past Tense in English
The main rule is that for every verb in English, there is only one form of it in the past tense.
(The exception is the Past tense of To Be, which has two forms: was and were)
(The exception is the Past tense of To Be, which has two forms: was and were)
This is totally different from other languages such as Spanish, French, Italian etc.
where you change the verb ending for every subject.
For example: The past tense of the verb want is wanted.
Wanted is used as the past tense for all subjects/pronouns.
Wanted is used as the past tense for all subjects/pronouns.
· I wanted
· You wanted
· He wanted
· She wanted
· It wanted
· We wanted
· They wanted
So you just have to learn one word to be able to use it in the past tense. In this case
we just needed to learn the one word wanted which can be used for all subjects (or people).
Past Tense Regular Verbs
To change a regular verb into its past tense form, we normally add –ED to the end of the verb.
· play – played
· cook – cooked
· rain – rained
· wait – waited
Examples of sentences using regular verbs in the past tense
· Last night I played my guitar loudly and the neighbors complained.
· She kissed me on the cheek.
· It rained yesterday.
· Angela watched TV all night.
· John wanted to go to the museum.
Note: There are three different ways of pronouncing the –ed at the end of a verb
in the past tense.
Negative sentences in the Past Tense
We use didn't (did not) to make a negative sentence in the past tense.
This is for regular AND irregular verbs in English.
(Exception is To Be and Modal Verbs such as Can)
This is for regular AND irregular verbs in English.
(Exception is To Be and Modal Verbs such as Can)
Compare the following:
Present: They don't live in Canada.
Past: They didn't live in Canada.
Past: They didn't live in Canada.
The main verb (live in the example above) is in its base form (of the infinitive).
The auxiliary DIDN'T shows that the sentence is negative AND in the past tense.
NOTICE: The only difference between a negative sentence in the present tense and
a negative sentence in the past tense is the change in the auxiliary verb.
Both don't and doesn't in the present tense become didn't in the past tense.
Compare the negative sentences in the examples below:
Present: You don't need a mechanic.
Past: You didn't need a mechanic.
Past: You didn't need a mechanic.
Present: You don't walk to work.
Past: You didn't walk to work.
Past: You didn't walk to work.
Present: He doesn't speak Japanese.
Past: He didn't speak Japanese.
Past: He didn't speak Japanese.
Examples of negative sentences in the Past Tense
· I didn't want to go to the dentist.
· She didn't have time.
· You didn't close the door.
· He didn't come to my party.
· They didn't study so they didn't pass the test.
· We didn't sleep well last night.
Questions in the Past Tense
We use did to make a question in the past tense.
This is for regular AND irregular verbs in English.
(Exception is To Be and Modal Verbs such as Can)
This is for regular AND irregular verbs in English.
(Exception is To Be and Modal Verbs such as Can)
Compare the following:
Present: Do they live in France?
Past: Did they live in France?
Past: Did they live in France?
The main verb (live in the example above) is in its base form (of the infinitive).
The auxiliary DID shows that the question is in the past tense.
NOTICE: The only difference between a question in the present tense and a question
in the past tense is the change in the auxiliary verb.
Both Do and Does in present tense questions become Didn't in past tense questions.
Both Do and Does in present tense questions become Didn't in past tense questions.
Compare the questions in the examples below:
Present: Do you need a doctor?
Past: Did you need a doctor?
Past: Did you need a doctor?
Present: Do you ride your bike to work?
Past: Did you ride your bike to work?
Past: Did you ride your bike to work?
Present: Does he live in Italy?
Past: Did he live in Italy?
Past: Did he live in Italy?
We can also use a question word (Who, What, Why etc.) before DID to ask for more
information.
· Did you study? – Yes, I did.
· When did you study? – I studied last night.
· Where did you study? – I studied at the library.
Examples of Questions in the Past Tense
· Did you go to work yesterday?
· Did they arrive on time?
· Did she like the surprise?
· Where did she go?
· What did you do yesterday?
· What did you say? - I didn't say anything.
· Why did we have to come?
Irregular Verbs in the Past Tense
Irregular verbs are ONLY irregular in affirmative/positive sentences.
(An exception to this is with the verb TO BE in the Past Tense).
(An exception to this is with the verb TO BE in the Past Tense).
For example: The past tense of GO is WENT.
It does not end in –ED so it is considered irregular.
It does not end in –ED so it is considered irregular.
The word went is used for all subjects – I, you, we, they, he, she, it.
· I went to the beach
· He went to the park.
· She went to the zoo.
· They went to the library.
BUT, as we mentioned before, it is only in its irregular form (went) in sentences
that are affirmative/positive.
Compare the following using GO in the past tense.
· They went to the beach
· They didn't go to the beach --- Didn't shows that we are talking in the past tense.
· Did they go to the beach? --- Did shows that we are talking in the past tense.
Another example with an irregular verb.
The past of EAT is ATE.
The past of EAT is ATE.
· You ate my cake.
· You didn't eat my cake.
· Did you eat my cake?
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